Assessment of the Role of Human Service Professionals within Substance Abuse Treatment Programs Free Essay Example, 2500 words

This paper evaluates the collaboration of programs to cater for the treatment of drug abusing offenders in terms of its history in the U., its current status, evolution today, and the policies that govern the program. According to Hora Stalcup (2008), as many as 80% of the adults incarcerated for felonies in the U. by 2005 were categorized as regular drug or alcohol abusers, committed violence under the influence of alcohol or drugs, engaged in crime in support of drug use, or were convicted for violation of alcohol or drugs. For a long time, incarceration was not guided by stringent requirements to support substance abuse offenders change their life patterns such that up their release, offenders would not retreat into alcohol or substance abuse (Hora Stalcup, 2008). With the introduction of criminal justice supervision, today involve incorporating treatment planning for drug abusing offenders and ensuring that health service providers are aware of the requirements for correctiona l requirements. In addition, there were conspicuous disparities across ethnic lines between drug use trends, and incarceration in relation to crimes involving drugs, and the access to treatment for substance use (Brown, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Assessment of the Role of Human Service Professionals within Substance Abuse Treatment Programs or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Between 1979 and 1987, the number of inmates incarcerated with substance abuse rose drastically yet no treatment was provided to them while in prison as evident in a survey by NIDA or National Institute on Drug Abuse. In order to eliminate the existing barriers to offenders accessing substance abuse treatment, NIDA, in 2002 developed a project to improve substance abuse offender s outcomes through the improved substance abuse integration into other public systems on safety and

Nurse Ratched - 1519 Words

Nurse Ratched A sexless, rigid caricature of a nurse, Nurse Ratched imposes discipline on her ward with all the fervour of an Army Nurse, which she had been. Large, with huge breasts only partially disguised by her ultra-stretched white uniform, she nevertheless has a pretty, delicate face that belies her cruelty. Manipulative to the core, the only thing that really matters to Ratched is her desire to control everything around her – the environment, the staff, and the patients. She has rendered the staff doctor who is in charge of the ward helpless and ineffectual. Her methods are subtle: she speaks with the calm voice of reason, dealing with patients as though they are children. Her group therapy sessions are intentionally humiliating to†¦show more content†¦Their capacity for speech and language had been damaged and they often ended up needing to be institutionalized. Cuckoo’s Nest played a major role in discrediting ECT. Quotes The Shock Shop, Mr. McMurphy, might be said to do the work of the sleeping pill, the electric chair and the torture rack. Its a clever little procedure, simple, quick, nearly painless it happens so fast, but no one ever wants another one. Ever. The Electroshock Therapy Table The electroshock therapy table is explicitly associated with crucifixion. It is shaped like a cross, with straps across the wrists and over the head. Moreover, the table performs a function similar to the public crucifixions of Roman times. Ellis, Ruckly, and Taber—Acutes whose lives were destroyed by electroshock therapy—serve as public examples of what happens to those who rebel against the ruling powers. Ellis makes the reference explicit: he is actually nailed to the wall. This foreshadows that McMurphy, who is associated with Christ images, will be sacrificed Legal Summation Good morning gentleman of the jury and your honour. Before we begin I would like to take a few minutes of your time and so I ask if you would close your eyes and think for a minute. Imagine if you were strapped to one of those cold hardShow MoreRelatedNurse Ratched2555 Words   |  11 PagesFlew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, in which the character, Nurse Ratched, struggles to keep her self-constructed domain together after an opposing enemy, named McMurphy, fights to pull power from her by causing a revolt.   In the end, Nurse Ratched wins the battle between her and McMurphy by having him lobotomized, but does she really win the age-old battle of male versus female by suppressing him? Another question is: Why do readers see Nurse Ratched as an evil and conniving woman for trying to save herRead MoreThe Potrayal of Nurse Ratched778 Words   |  4 PagesRatchet or Ratched   Critic Ronald Wallace noted that Nurse Ratched is also like a ratchet wrench she keeps her patients adjusted, but like a ratchet, a gear in the Combine, she is herself mechanically enmeshed. Nurse Ratched is portrayed as a devious mastermind of the ward; however, she herself is actually just a minion of the Combine. In many parts of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, Bromden describes Ratched as being like a machine; her systematic scheming, and her name Ratched is similarRead More Transformation: Randle McMurphy Patients Essay844 Words   |  4 Pageswith the excruciating routine of the Group Meeting, McMurphy tells the patients that Nurse Ratchet is a genuine â€Å"ball-cutter.† The other patients tell him that there is no defying Nurse Ratched because, in their eyes, she is an all-powerful force. True to his nature as a gambling man, McMurphy makes a bet with the other patients that he can make Ratched lose her temper. At first, the confrontation between Ratched and McMurphy provides some humorous entertainment for the other patients. However,Read MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest962 Words   |  4 Pagestime in jail, but quickly finds out that Nurse Mildred Ratched has just as much hidden deviance within her as he is trying to portray outwardly to stay in the ward and not be sent to jail where he truly belongs for raping a 15 year old girl. McMurphy and Nurse Ratcheds battle of power and wills escalates very quickly causing the other patients to notice Nurse Ratcheds humiliating, demoralizing and deviant ways. During a group session McMurphy asks Ratched for a change in the ward policy allowingRead MoreAnalysis Of One Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1179 Words   |  5 PagesCuckoo’s Nest Film). Power can be used as a source of evil or heroism. It has the capacity to control and manipulate people. However, it also has the capability to champion freedom and rights for others. In the novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, Nurse Ratchet’s controlling power came from her ability to emasculate the male patients and maintain a sexless faà §ade. She also held in place an extensive system of rules and regulations, as well as an ordered routine. McMurphy’s liberating power derivedRead MoreThe Use of Manipulation; One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest3129 Words   |  13 Pageshow the characters use it. The first character to master it is the antagonist Nurse Ratchet. She uses it to manipulate patients to manage her mechanically structured ward. The other character is the (antagonist, protagonist?) patient McMurphy. He on the other hand manipulates people to help them grow or gain money. These two characters also go head to head with the power of deceptive manipulation as their weapons. Nurse Ratchet is the boss of the ward, in which the events of the novel take place.Read MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Character Analysis1024 Words   |  5 Pagesfellow patients within a psychiatric hospital ruled by an authoritarian Nurse Ratched, who imposes strict rules within the facility in order to maintain stability. The novel is centred on Randle McMurphy’s and Nurse Ratched’s rivalry caused by their polar opposite views on how the institute should be run. McMurphy, a boisterous patient, believes that his fellow patients should have more freedom, on the other hand Nurse Ratched believes in the institution being run like a dictatorship where disciplineRead MoreOne Flew Over The Cuckoo s Nest1219 Words   |  5 Pageslaughed when Candy warned him of its consequences, but he was unafraid and fully prepared to be sent back. McMurphy was determined to challenge Nurse Ratchet and her authority. His determination and actions reflect a thoughtful and sensitive ma n. McMurphy acts according to his conscience and does what he feels is right. McMurphy strives to overcome Nurse Ratchet, and finds himself understanding the mentalities of the others in the institution when he takes the time to get to know them. McMurphy startsRead MoreOne Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest by Ken Kesey 1043 Words   |  4 PagesChief Bromden is the main character. The characters that preform in this scene are Chief Bromden, McMurphy, and Nurse Ratched. Even though McMurphy would be considered the main character of the novel, Bromden is the main character of this scene because he shows the strongest desire. In this one scene, Bromden has many desires that to him could be both life or death threatening. Nurse Ratched makes one last attempt to gain back the control when she uses the same principle she used earlier to ensure thatRead More One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Essay example1619 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause their lives were â€Å"normal† and routine. Their daily routine guided them through a series of happenings, which were both comfortable and tolerable to them, even though as a result of this they would remain subject to the manipulative ways of Nurse Ratchet. These people would say that the â€Å"oppressive society† that they lived in may not suit everyone, but certainly suited them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  McMurphy, on the other hand, finds this setting to be suitable for no human being, and soon after arriving he sets

Comparison and Contrast Free Essays

Long Distance Relationship Relationship is built when a man and a woman want to make a commitment between them and hope to make their relationship last forever. Everything will bee done in order to make their relationship keep going until marriage. On the other side, there is a kind of relationship between people who live separately far away but they keep having relationship between them in the name of love, trust, and faith. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison and Contrast or any similar topic only for you Order Now That kind of relationship we call it long distance relationship. Not all of LDR (Long Distance Relationship) couple can make it through until marriage. They have bigger problems than couple who don’t live far away and can meet each other easily. The problems are the distance where they live are far away, they need to spend more money to keep commonicating each other, and the worst is they can cheat each other. They will meet those problems which can cause them to break up. The first problem in LDR is actually the distance. They live far away and they can not meet each other everyday. When those couple live separately far away they will suffer for some things like loneliness, miss each other, and they can not share the same thing and time together. How a man can cheer his woman up when they live far away? This kind of thing will effect to their feeling in relationship. The only way to keep contact each other just by phone or texting message. When they see a couple who always spend time together in weekend the LDR couple will feel sad because how can they have a relationship but it is hard to meet each other. Those kind of thing will cause them to fight and they need to more understand each other about this kind of relationship. Then second problem is they need to spend more money than an usual couple. When the distance come as the problem they need to spend more money to meet their couple who live far away. They have to take transportion for example by plane for those couple who live different country. They need more money to buy tickets, the expensive phone bills, and internet. In order to make them keep contact each other they need to send messages everyday or when they are missing each other they will have a phone night call to hear their couple voice. Meanwhile, for those couple who using internet they can use skype, twitter, or facebook. They use skype in order to see each other face instead of go to their place who live far away. Besides money, it really need to spend more time to communicate each other and it might distract their activities such as work, school, or house things. When their lost of time to communicate each other by phone or internet it will raise the couriousity for them because LDR couple will have more bad feelings and couriousity because they never meet each other. The last thing and even the worst thing is they can cheat each other without think about their couple feeling who live far away. Not all of people can survive from this kind of relationship. They need to meet the person who they love, spend time together, and share the same thing which the like. Therefore, they want to have an usual relationship who can make them always bee together with their couple. The man or woman who can not get rid of this kind of feeling will cheat behind their couple. How to cite Comparison and Contrast, Papers Comparison and Contrast Free Essays This paper will examine two romantic comedies from the years 1995 and 2005. The first film is The American President starring Michael Douglas (Andy Sheppard) and Annette Bening (Sydney Ellen Wade). The second film is Hitch starring Will Smith (Alex Hitchens), Eva Mendes (Sara Milas), Kevin James (Albert Brennaman). We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison and Contrast or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both of these films are very entertaining and funny. This paper will attempt to list a few of the contrasts and comparison of each film while focusing on the cinematography and editing process. Both films had good cast members however, The American President cast was able to provide more of an emotional connection to the audience, therefore making the story line more believable than that of Hitch. Michael Douglas and Annette Bening fall in love in the movie and the chemistry between them both is undeniable. In contrast, Will Smith and Eva Mendes never quite captured that emotional connection which would allow them to sell the characters to the audience.With that being said, the film, Hitch, is still entertaining it just lacks the emotional impact that different casting or editing may have provided. The differences in the movies are plentiful. The American President was filmed a decade earlier and the lack of evolution in the filming process shows. Most of the shots were long shots with a static camera appearing at eye level. The consistency throughout the movie is noticeable as the camera follows the speaker. The editing in the film is clean and does not detract from the movie viewing experience.In the 2005 film Hitch, the editing technique comes to the forefront of the film. The film opens with a series of parallel edits that are meant to condense time and save running time of the film while bringing the viewer up to speed as to what Hitch is about. The editor then goes on to use quick cuts and parallel cuts through out the film. In my opinion this technique is less effective than the long shots used in The American President. The emotional appeal is diminished in the film due to the editing. Also, the movie lacked a powerful score that could have aided the emotional believability. The themes are also very different from one another. In the American President the tagline of the film describes the theme â€Å"Why can’t the most powerful man in the world have the one thing he wants most† (Reiner, 1995)? In the movie Hitch the theme is about a date doctor who by practicing his own advice finds that what he thought women wanted was not correct and truly being ones self is the way to any woman’s heart. Any fan of romantic comedies would find either of these movies entertaining.However, my belief is that The American President edges Hitch out by a narrow margin. Both stories are told well in the films. The character development is portrayed a bit better in The American President due to a better final edit. References Tennant, A. (Producer), Bisch, K. (Writer). (2005) Hitch [Motion picture] United States: Columbia Pictures Reiner, R. (Producer), Sorkin, A. (Writer). (1995) The American president [ Motion picture] United States: Castle Rock Entertainment and Universal Pictures How to cite Comparison and Contrast, Papers

Larry Fauntleroy Essay Example For Students

Larry Fauntleroy Essay 3/1/04NARRATIVE PARAGRAPHMurphys Law, states that If I try to please everybody, somebody is notgoing to like it. If you take a look throughout history, theres example after example ofgood sometimes great people, being hated for being just that, good people. Many times in my life, Ive witnessed that statement ring true. Iremember one time, back in the summer of 1999, I and my friends came acrossa new kid who had just moved into our neighborhood. His name was Nick. Nickwas one of the funniest kids I knew at the time. He made everyone in theneighborhood laugh. He was a good guy to be around (at first), but therewere a few big guys in the hood who just hated the guy. These guys wereconsidered the gangsta kids in the neighborhood. They would pick on andbug Nick every chance they got. Nick was like a chameleon. He blended inwell with everyone it seemed but Nick probably thought the only way to getthese guys to like him was to act like them. When he tried to this, hecame off as if he was trying to hard to fit in. Funny thing is they stilltook advantage of him. He would give them money. They would roll into hishouse and eat his food, and they basically did what they wanted to him. Andall Nick could do was smile and laugh it off like it didnt bo ther him. Nick for the rest of the summer would act one way when he was around themand another when he was around other people. He came off being fake and assomeone trying to be something he wasnt. In the end he lost friendsbecause he tried to be down with the gangsta kids when in reality hewasnt. So in closing I feel Murphys Law still rings true. If I try toplease everybody, somebody is not going to like it. I think if people justare them selves, they will be fine.

The Millers Tale Essay Example

The Millers Tale Paper There is clearly no sexual attraction between Alison and her much older husband, John the carpenter. Absolon with his ridiculously absurd attempts to woo women and more specifically Alison is similarly ineffective in successfully conquering her. It could be possible then to deduce a lesson about the most successful methods to employ when attempting to woo women, similar to those used by Nicholas, the most successful of Alisons possible three suitors who manages to finally accept him as her lover she hire love him graunted ate laste. In the execution of his intricate plan devised to enable him to finally commit adultery with Alison, Nicholas proves himself to be very intelligent. Despite the carpenters disapproval of prying into divine secrets mentioned in line 56, Nicholas captures his interest and John submits to listening eagerly to his revelations about Goddes privetee in line 346. In order to ensure Johns belief and co-operation with the plan, the method in which Nicholas approaches him is crucial. We will write a custom essay sample on The Millers Tale specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Millers Tale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Millers Tale specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nicholas makes John initially feel privileged to know the information about the forthcoming flood when really Nicholas is covering his own back and limit the social damage that this lie will do, especially to Nicholas reputation as an established and competent astronomer. Nicholas makes a preposterous statement in line 450, I wol nat tellen Goddes privetee because he has been revealing supposedly divine secrets since line 406. Also, the privetee involved here is not very godly; Nicholas is simply making his story elaborate and pious to limit Johns questioning of the absurd story. Nicholas also appeals to Johns cupidity in his lines 473/4 by suggesting that they will posses and rule the whole world. Such a sely man as John is hardly going to argue with such a learned scholar as Nicholas who foresees such an event which will benefit him so richly. Nicholas also uses absurd compliments and flatteries to win Johns co-operation with the plan: thou art so wys, it needeth thee nat teche, which is a completely ridiculous thing to say after Nicholas has given him such precise instructions. Nicholas motives behind the plot are known to the reader, but despite this, it is clear that such an absurd tale must have been concocted by someone with ulterior issues at hand. When Nicholas approaches John about the plot, he is already shocked by Nicholas bizarre behaviour and confused as to why this is; after he is told John is so distracted by the fear of the impending flood he cant see what appears so obvious to the reader. Despite the more absurd aspects of the scheme, like Nicholas insisting on separate tubs for Alison and John to ironically ensure that bitwixe yow shal be no sinne, John remains unaware of the real reason, showing his nai vety. Upon his discovery of Nicholas in a state of mental disturbance, John makes a statement about how learned astronomers can fall into trouble if they are too busy looking at the stars and not what they are doing. The ponderous moral he saugh nat that (line 353) rebounds on the carpenter because it is not the learned astronomer but the simple man who is about to fall blindly into the pit. It is typical that John is often full of wisdom and mockery of the learned man, describing how it is a sin to pry into Gods business and implying that he is better than scholars like Nicholas, but is soon eager to listen to his advice and benefit from his knowledge. This illustrates how fickle and nai ve John really is, and how cunning Nicholas has been in deceiving him so well, making John believe he is really the one benefiting from the whole plot. The devout carpenter is also easily impressed by Nicholas blaphmous assurance it is Christes couseil which is simply part of the adulterous deception. The fact that Nicholas uses such religious terms to deceive a sely man and cover for his adulterous actions shows Nicholas to not be very religious or morally driven. It is ironic that in line 53/6 the theory that husbands shouldnt pry into their wives secrets, which concern Alisons sexual life, into which a husband should not enquire into if he wishes to remain contentedly assured of her fidelity. Nicholas is shown to be withdrawn and fairly unsociable but well-experienced in clandestine and secret love-affairs, and when Alison warns him ye moste been ful deerne, as in this cas he assures her of his competency to execute the cunning plan without the carpenters detection. Nicholas is comic in the implication that he and John are both single, guileless men whose charming innocence is symbolised by the white duck in line 468. The ironic centre of the tale is perhaps represented in the line a man woot litel what him shal bitide because it is the carpenter and not Nicholas who is ignorant of what is about to happen and who, despite his comments, is eager to believe Nicholas forecast of the forthcoming events. However, the future doe should an unforeseen shock for Nicholas who thinks himself in control of the events and also for Absolon who shortly prior to his humiliation ensures himself that some manner of comfort is coming his way. The character of Nicholas is perhaps not the most significant individual personality in the tale but it is quite crucial to the comic and ironic elements that are strong themes running throughout. Nicholas is definitely the most important character in the elaborate deception plot and therefore plays quite a significant role in the climax of the tale. Zi e North 12fii Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Geoffrey Chaucer section.

Classical Conservatism vs Contemporary Conservatism in US

Classical Conservatism vs Contemporary Conservatism in US Introduction Political ideologies in the United States have undergone several changes in the past century. For instance, the country moved from nationalism to liberalism during its economic upsurge. Moreover, there have been notable differences between â€Å"classical conservatism† and â€Å"contemporary conservatism.† This shows that the country’s ideologies have changed over time. Before the World War II, the world had three conflicting ideologies, namely, fascism, communism and liberalism.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Classical Conservatism vs Contemporary Conservatism in US specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The liberals and communists came together to fight fascists in the World War II. Once fascists were defeated, a conflict arose between liberal and communists, which led to the Cold War that lasted 40 years. The latter was defeated, however, it did not stop conflict among the l iberals. Issues like race, gender, and gay, among others raised concern over the future of liberalism. This paper will explore the differences between â€Å"classical conservatives† and â€Å"conservatives.† It will also try to explore what the conservatives claim to conserve (Dolbeare and Cummings 115). Differences between classical conservatives and conservatives Classical conservatism is coined from Edmund Burke’s criticism of liberalism. It majored mainly on liberal’s view of human nature, governance, and freedom. According to classical liberals, humans are naturally rational, calculative, self-interested as well as competitive. In this regard, they maximize their advantage at the expense of others; they are governed by a system of law. Moreover, this system is governed by a minimal state that comprised of civil society that has a social contract to protect property and liberty. However, classical conservatives believe that humans are not self-interes ted (Ball and Dagger 46-83). In fact, according to Burke, humans are creatures of customs, traditions, and habits, moreover, he believes that individuals pass but the society remains. Moreover, classical conservatives believe that freedom is an indisputable value; the only thing is that it interferes with another person’s enjoyment. In addition, classical conservatives do not believe that freedom has to be a good thing; they believe that it can be and cannot. Classical conservatives, therefore, believe that democracy gives people too much power to control themselves and it is liable to abuse (Ball and Dagger 46-83). On the other hand, conservatives (also known as modern conservatives) attach themselves to modern society values more than classical conservatives do. For instance, they believe that freedom works when it allows individuals to compete with others, which is especially relevant in terms of economics.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political scien ces? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This ideology is quite different from classical conservatives who do not encourage self-interest. In essence, modern conservatives regard capitalism as freedom (Ball and Dagger 93-120). Moreover, conservatives claim that problems are intricately simple being quite different from the classical conservative view that consists in the fact that problems are usually complex given its social fabric (Ball and Dagger 93-120). Interestingly, modern conservatives have watered-down most of their original ideologies to such an extent that they are closely linked to classical liberals. Conclusion From the discussion above, it can be noted that conservatives have watered down most of their former believes with changing political systems in the United States. It can also be noted that conservatives are much closer to liberals than their classical counterparts are. Moreover, it is clearly seen what conse rvatives consider to have remained, given the changes that have occurred over the centuries. For instance, while classical conservatives are suspicious of capitalism, conservatives are not. In addition, modern conservatives believe that problems are easy to solve, something that is highly disputed by their classical counterparts (Ball and Dagger 93-120). Worked Cited Ball, Terence, and Dagger, Richard. Political Ideologies and the Democratic ideal, New York, NY: Pearson Press, 2009. Dolbeare, Kenneth, and Cummings Michael. American Political Thought, Washington: CQ Press, 2009. Print.

Different Renditions Of The Song Hallelujah By Leonard Cohen Assignment

Different Renditions Of The Song Hallelujah By Leonard Cohen - Assignment Example The song among the musicians who have covered this song includes Rufus Wainwright, Michael McDonald, Bon Jovi, John Cale, Jason Castro a former contestant in the American Idol among others. The different artists used the original lyrics while other changed the lyrics to fit their preference as Cohen never put a restriction on the modification of this song. One of the famous versions of this song is Jeff Buckley’s version that was the top song on the Hot Digital Songs chart of 2008. The same year another version that again topped the charts was released by Alexandra Burke who won the talent show â€Å"The X-factor† by Simon Cowell mastermind U.K. These are just a few of the many singers who have remixed and performed this song (Browne & Browne 2011). In this paper, the performance by Justine Timberlake and Matt Morris in a charity concert called â€Å"Hope for Haiti† will be compared with Jeff Berkley performance. The performance by Timberlake and Morris moved the crowd. It was a very beautiful duet that moved the crowd. The two sang harmoniously which no wonder is considering that they have been working together. The song was not very different from the original version. It was close to their performance by Jeff Buckley. However, it stood out in the manner the singers put their emotions to their performance and almost drove some of the audience to tears. There were other performers during the show such as Mary J. Blige but Timberlake and Morris's performance stood out.  

The Return of Martin Guerre Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Return of Martin Guerre - Assignment Example The Return of Martin Guerre The new Martin Guerre was in fact Arnaud du Tilh from another village. The real Guerre had fled to Spain and fought in their war against his home country, where he lost one leg in battle. du Tilh, nicknamed â€Å"Pansette† (the belly) for his voracious appetite for life’s finer things (including women) was also something of a con man and spent years perfecting the Guerre persona, for Pansette also looked remarkably like Guerre. He fooled all the villagers, including Guerre’s sisters but the one person he didn’t hoodwink was Bertrande, Martin’s wife. However, Pansette was all of what Martin never had been, perhaps more of a man, and Bertrande helped the man perfect his lie, living with him as his wife. The one downfall for Pansette was when he sold some of the family holdings and demanded an accounting of his â€Å"father’s† estate from Uncle Pierre, the executor in Martin’s absence. Enraged, Pierre managed to gather enough doubt that Pansette was the real Martin and brought him to trial. With supporters on both sides, the judge craftily turned the case over to Parliament, whose agent decided Pansette was in fact probably Martin. In the midst of that confusion, the real Martin Guerre showed back up on his crutch and proved his identity to be true. Therefore Pansette was executed by hanging. Bertrande, because of her adultery, was sentenced to the same fate but only spared due to her being female. Instead she was forced to watch probably the only man she loved die and had to live with the man who deserted her. So what was life like for the peasant class of sixteenth century Europe, France in particular? For one thing the health conditions were horrendous. The infant mortality rate was so high that thirty-three per cent of babies born failed to survive past their first birthday. That was little wonder, for such diseases as typhus, measles, malaria, smallpox, and scarlet fever were rampant. Add to that the most famous disease of the time, the Bubonic Plague, or Black Death, which killed without mercy from the lowest peasant to the Royal Families themselves. It wiped out huge percentages of the populations within days during its sporadic outbreaks, one of which occurred during Guerre’s time. However, even if one managed to avoid all of this, the average life expectancy was around forty years old. Essential services were nonexistent. There was very little fresh drinking water and raw sewage ran in the fields and streets. Hygiene was very seldom practiced and people went weeks or months without bathing. Without refrigeration, meats and dairy products spoiled very quickly. Fresh fruits and vegetables were also scarce so scurvy and rickets were commonplace. All of this contributed to an abundance of vermin such as rats and their fleas, which in turn were directly responsible for the Plague. Clothing was simple and mostly handmade for the peasant class, for fabric was expensive and rare. The French peasants, like their counterparts throughout Europe, toiled with the same primitive tools their ancestors had used for centuries. Draft animals such as horses were scant so most of the work was done by hand. The money-based economies were growing for the middle and upper

EUROPEAN BUSINESS-'WHEREVER YOU LOCATE IN THE EU, IT IS A TRULY Essay

EUROPEAN BUSINESS-'WHEREVER YOU LOCATE IN THE EU, IT IS A TRULY INTEGRETED MARKET.' DISCUSS AND EVALUATE THIS STATEMENT - Essay Example This necessarily implies the abolition of tariffs and quotas for imports among the member-nations, without abolishing the same tariffs and quotas in their trade with third countries. Essentially, the free trade area agreement is a preferential trade agreement, and the products covered by the removal of tariffs and trades may be limited, or may encompass the entire manufacturing sector. The next stage of economic integration is the customs union, where internal tariffs and quotas are accompanied by certain external trade restrictions, or where external tariffs and quotas are harmonized. This level of integration sought to address the weakness of the free trade area, which was vulnerable because of the member countries’ unequal policies with external trade. This invited third countries to target the member country with the most favourable tariff policies. Under the customs union, there is resort to the creation of common regulatory bodies and institutions endowed with police powers to control and regulate trade within the union. The third level, the common market, is also known as a single market. In this stage of integration, there is free factor mobility of goods among the member countries, in the form of goods, capital, labour, and services. A more intense level of regulation is implicit, and institutions are established to monitor and oversee that decisions adopted by each state does not alter the free factor mobility in the territory. The economic union is the fourth level of integration, at which the member states harmonize their economic policies, mainly in the areas of economic and fiscal policy. A series of central institutions aids in the coordination of particular areas of economic policy to the point that sovereign states relinquish control to the supranational body. Finally, complete economic integration results with the subsequent and

Load Flow Analysis For Electricity Supply Engineering Essay

Load Flow Analysis For Electricity Supply Engineering Essay Power flow studies, commonly referred to as load flow, are essential of power system analysis and design. Load flow studies are necessary for planning, economic operation, scheduling and exchange of power between utilities. Load flow study is also required for many other analyses such as transient stability, dynamic stability, contingency and state estimation. Network equations can be formulated in a variety of forms. However, node voltage method is commonly used for power system analysis. The network equations which are in the nodal admittance form results in complex linear simultaneous algebraic equations in terms of node currents. The load flow results give the bus voltage magnitude and phase angles and hence the power flow through the transmission lines, line losses and power injection at all the buses. 1.1 BUS Classification Four quantities are associated with each bus. These are voltage magnitude, phase angle ÃŽÂ ´, real power P and reactive power Q. In a load flow study, two out of four quantities are specified and the remaining two quantities are to be obtained through the solutions of equations. The system buses are generally classified into three categories. Slack bus: Also known as swing bus and taken as reference where the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage are specified. This bus provides the additional real and reactive power to supply the transmission losses, since there are unknown until the final solution is obtained. Load buses: Also know as PQ bus. At these buses the real and reactive powers are specified. The magnitude and phase angle of the bus voltage are unknown until the final solution is obtained. Voltage controlled buses: Also known as generator buses or regulated buses or P- buses. At these buses, the real power and voltage magnitude are specified. The phase angles of the voltages and the reactive power are unknown until the final solution is obtained. The limits on the value of reactive power are also specified. The following table summarizes the above discussion: 1.2 BUS Admittance Matrix In order to obtain the bus-voltage equations, consider the sample 4-bus power system as shown in Fig. 1.1 1.1 The impedance diagram of sample 4-bus power system For simplicity resistances of the lines are neglected and the impedances shown in Fig.1.1 are expressed in per-unit on a common MVA base. Now impedances are converted to admittance, i.e, = 1.1 Fig.1.2 shows the admittance diagram and transformation to current sources and injects currents at buses 1 and 2 respectively. Node 0 (normally ground) is taken as reference. 1.2 the admittance diagram of 1.1 Applying KCL to the independent nodes 1,2,3,4 we have Rearranging the above equations, we get Let, The node equations reduce to Note that ,in Fig.1.2, there is no connection between bus 1 and bus 4, so Above equations can be written in matrix form, 1.2 or in general 1.3 Where vevtor of the injected currents (the current is positive when flowing into the bus and negative when flowing out of the bus) admittance matrix. Diagonal element of Y matrix is known as self-admittance or driving point admittance, i.e. 1.4 Off-diagonal element of y matrix is known as transfer admittance or mutual admittance, i.e. 1.5 can be obtained from equation (1.3), i.e. 1.6 From Fig.1.2, elements of Y matrix can be written as: So 1.3 BUS Loading Equations Consider i-th bus of a power system as shown in Fig.7.4. transmission lines are represented by their equivalent à Ã¢â€š ¬ models. is the total charging admittance at bus i. Fig 1.4: i-th bus of a power system Net injected current into the bus I can be written as : 1.7 Let us define 1.8 Or 1.9 The real and reactive power injected at bus is is 1.10 From equations 7.9 and 7.10 we get 1.11 1.12 1.4 BUS Impedance Matrix The bus impedance matrix for en t 1T nodes can be written as Unlike the bus admittance matrix, the bus impedance matrix cannot be formed by simple examination of the network circuit. The bus impedance matrix can be formed by the following methods: à ¢- Inversion of the admittance matrix à ¢- By open circuit testing à ¢- By step-by-step formation à ¢- From graph theory Direct inversion of the Y matrix is rarely implemented in computer applications. Certain assumptions in forming the bus impedance matrix are: 1. The passive network can be shown within a closed perimeter, (Fig.1.3). It includes the impedances of all the circuit components, transmission lines, loads, transformers, cables, and generators. The nodes of interest are brought out of the bounded network, and it is excited by a unit generated voltage Fig.1.3 Representation of a network as passive elements with loads and faults excluded. The nodes of interest are pulled out of the network and unit voltage is applied at the common node. 2. The network is passive in the sense that no circulating currents flow in the network. Also, the load currents are negligible with respect to the fault currents. For any currents to flow an external path (a fault or load) must exist. 3. All terminals marked 0 are at the same potential. All generators have the same voltage magnitude and phase angle and are replaced by one equivalent generator connected between 0 and a node. For fault current calculations a unit voltage is assumed 1.5 POWER IN AC CIRCUITS The concepts of instantaneous power, average power, apparent power, and reactive power are fundamental and are briefly discussed here. Consider lumped impedance Z, excited by a sinusoidal voltage E (1.13) (1.14) The first term is the average time-dependent power, when the voltage and current waveforms consist only of fundamental components. The second term is the magnitude of power swing. Equation (1.2) can be written as (1.15) The first term is the power actually exhausted in the circuit and the second term is power exchanged between the source and circuit, but not exhausted in the circuit. The active power is measured in watts and is defined as (1.16) The reactive power is measured in var and is defined as: (1.17) These relationships are shown in Fig. 1.4; cosÃŽÂ ¸ is called the power factor (PF) of the circuit, and ÃŽÂ ¸ is the power factor angle. The apparent power in VA is given by (1.18) The power factor angle is generally defined as (1.19) If cosÃŽÂ ¸=1, Q=0. Such a load is a unity power factor load. Except for a small percentage of loads, i.e., resistance heating and incandescent lighting, the industrial, commercial, or residential loads operate at lagging power factor. As the electrical equipment is rated on a kVA basis, a lower power factor derates the equipment and limits its capacity to supply active power loads. The reactive power flow and control is one important aspect of power flow. The importance of power factor (reactive power) control can be broadly stated as: à ¢- Improvement in the active power handling capability of transmission lines. à ¢- Improvement in voltage stability limits. à ¢- Increasing capability of existing systems: the improvement in power factor for release of a certain per unit kVA capacity can be calculated from Eq. (10.6): where PFimp is improved power factor, PFext is existing power factor, and kVAava is kVA made available as per unit of existing kVA. à ¢- Reduction in losses: the active power losses are reduced as these are proportional to the square of the current. With PF improvement, the current per unit for the same active power delivery is reduced. The loss reduction is given by the expression: Where Lossred is reduction in losses in per unit with improvement in power factor from PFext to PFimp. An improvement of power factor from 0.7 to 0.9 reduces the losses by 39.5% à ¢- . Improvement of transmission line regulation: the power factor improvement improves the line regulation by reducing the voltage drops on load flow. All these concepts may not be immediately clear and are further developed. Fig 1.4 1.5.1 Complex Power If the voltage vector is expressed as A t jB and the current vector as C t jD, then by convention the volt-ampe`res in ac circuits are vectorially expressed as E= (A +jB) (C- jD) = AC +BD +j(BC-AD) = P+ jQ (1.20) where P = AC t BD is the active power and Q BC _ AD is the reactive power; I_ is the conjugate of I. This convention makes the imaginary part representing reactive power negative for the leading current and positive for the lagging current. This is the convention used by power system engineers. If a conjugate of voltage, instead of current, is used, the reactive power of the leading current becomes positive. The power factor is given by cosÃŽÂ ¸= (1.21) 1.5.2 Conservation of Energy The conservation of energy concept (Tellegens theorem) is based on Kirchoff laws and states that the power generated by the network is equal to the power consumed by the network (inclusive of load demand and losses). If i1; i2; i3; . . . ; in are the currents and v1; v2; v3; . . . ; vn the voltages of n single-port elements connected in any manner: (1.22) This is an obvious conclusion. Also, in a linear system of passive elements, the complex power, active power, and reactive power should summate to zero: (1.23) (1.24) (1.25) 1.6 POWER FLOW IN A NODAL BRANCH The modeling of transmission lines is unique in the sense that capacitance plays a significant role and cannot be ignored, except for short lines of length less than approximately 50 miles (80 km). Let us consider power flow over a short transmission line. As there are no shunt elements, the line can be modeled by its series resistance and reactance, load, and terminal conditions. Such a system may be called a nodal branch in load flow or a two-port network. The sum of the sending end and receiving end active and reactive powers in a nodal branch is not zero, due to losses in the series admittance Ysr (Fig. 1.5). Let us define Ysr, the admittance of the series elements= j or Z= zl= l(+j)= + =1/Ysr, where l is the length of the line. The sending end power is = Where is conjugate.This gives where sending end voltage is Vs and, at the receiving end: If is neglected: where ÃŽÂ ´ in the difference between the sending end and receiving end voltage vector angles= (. For small values of delta, the reactive power equation can be written as Fig1.5 Power flow over a two-port line. where is the voltage drop. For a short line it is Therefore, the transfer of real power depends on the angle ÃŽÂ ´, called the transmission angle, and the relative magnitudes of the sending and receiving end voltages. As these voltages will be maintained close to the rated voltages, it is mainly a function of ÃŽÂ ´. The maximum power transfer occurs at ÃŽÂ ´=90(steady-state stability limit). The reactive power flows is in the direction of lower voltage and it is independent of ÃŽÂ ´. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. For small resistance of the line, the real power flow is proportional to sin ÃŽÂ ´. It is a maximum at ÃŽÂ ´=90ËÅ ¡. For stability considerations the value is restricted to below ÃŽÂ ´=90ËÅ ¡. The real power transfer rises with the rise in the transmission voltage. 2. The reactive power flow is proportional to the voltage drop in the line, and is independent of ÃŽÂ ´. The receiving end voltage falls with increase in reactive power demand. 2.1 Practical Load Flow The requirements for load flow calculations vary over a wide area, from small industrial systems to large automated systems for planning, security, reactive power compensation, control, and on-line management. The essential requirements are: à ¢- High speed, especially important for large systems à ¢- Convergence characteristics, which are of major consideration for large systems, and the capability to handle ill-conditioned systems. à ¢- Ease of modifications and simplicity. i.e. adding, deleting, and changing system components, generator outputs, loads, and bus types. à ¢- Storage requirement, which becomes of consideration for large systems The size of the program in terms of number of buses and lines is important. Practically, all programs will have data reading and editing libraries, capabilities of manipulating system variables, adding or deleting system components, generation, capacitors, or slack buses. Programs have integrated databases, i.e., the impedance data for short-circuit or load flow calculations need not be entered twice, and graphic user interfaces. Which type of algorithm will give the speediest results and converge easily is difficult to predict precisely. Table.2.1 shows a comparison of earlier Z and Y matrix methods. Most programs will incorporate more than one solution method. While the Gauss-Seidel method with acceleration is still an option for smaller systems, for large systems some form of the NR decoupled method and fast load-flow algorithm are commonly used, especially for optimal power flow studies. Speed can be accelerated by optimal ordering .In fast decoupled load flow the convergence is geometric, and less than five iterations are required for practical accuraci es. If differentials are calculated efficiently the speed of the fast decoupled method can be even five times that of the NR method. Fast decoupled load flow is employed in optimization studies and in contingency evaluation for system security. The preparations of data, load types, extent of system to be modeled and specific problems to be studied are identified as a first step. The data entry can be divided into four main categories: bus data, branch data, transformers and phase shifters, and generation and load data. Shunt admittances, i.e., switched capacitors and reactors in required steps, are represented as fixed admittances. Apart from voltages on the buses, the study will give branch power flows; identify transformer taps, phase-shifter angles, loading of generators and capacitors, power flow from swing buses, load demand, power factors, system losses, and overloaded system components. No. Compared parameter Y matrix Z matrix Remarks 1 Digital computer memory requirements Small Large Sparse matrix techniques easily applied to Y matrix 2 Preliminary calculations Small Large Software programs can basically operate from the same data input 3 Convergence characteristics Slow, may not converge at all Strong Both methods may slow down on large systems 4 System modifications Easy Slightly difficult See text 2.2 Y-Matrix Method The Y-matrix iterative methods were the very first to be applied to load flow calculations on the early generation of digital computers. This required minimum storage, however, may not converge on some load flow problems. This deficiency in Y-matrix methods led to Z-matrix methods, which had a better convergence, but required more storage and slowed down on large systems. Some buses may be designated as PQ buses while the others are designated as PV buses. At a PV bus the generator active power output is known and the voltage regulator controls the voltage to a specified value by varying the reactive power output from the generator. There is an upper and lower bound on the generator reactive power output depending on its rating, and for the specified bus voltage, these bounds should not be violated. If the calculated reactive power exceeds generator Qmax, then Qmax is set equal to Q. If the calculated reactive power is lower than the generator Qmin, then Q is set equal to Qmin. At a PQ bus, neither the current, nor the voltage is known, except that the load demand is known. A mixed bus may have generation and also directly connected loads. The characteristics of these three types of buses are shown in Table 2-1. Bus type Known variable Unknown variable PQ Active and reactive power Current and voltage PV Active power and voltage Current and reactive power Swing Voltage Current, active and reactive power 2.2.1 GAUSS AND GAUSS-SEIDEL Y-MATRIX METHODS The principal of Jacobi iteration is shown in Fig. 2.1. The program starts by setting initial values of voltages, generally equal to the voltage at the swing bus. In a well-designed power system, voltages are close to rated values and in the absence of a better estimate all the voltages can be set equal to 1 per unit. From node power constraint, the currents are known and substituting back into the Y-matrix equations, a better estimate of voltages is obtained. These new values of voltages are used to find new values of currents. The iteration is continued until the required tolerance on power flows is obtained. This is diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 2.1. Starting from an initial estimate of, the final value of x* is obtained through a number of iterations. The basic flow chart of the iteration process is shown in Fig. 2.2 Fig2.1 Illustration of numerical iterative process for final value of a function Fig. 2.2 Flow chart of basic iterative process of Jacobi-type iterations 2.2.2 Gauss Iterative Technique Consider that n linear equations in n unknowns () are given. The a coefficients and b dependent variables are known: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These equations can be written as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (2.1) An initial value for each of the independent variables is assumed. Let these values be denoted by The initial values are estimated as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These are substituted into Eq. (2.1), giving à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. These new values of are substituted into the next iteration. In general, at the k-th iteration: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 2.2.3 Gauss-Seidel Y-Matrix Method In load flow calculations the system equations can be written in terms of current, voltage, or power at the k-th node. We know that the matrix equation in terms of unknown voltages, using the bus admittance matrix for n+ 1 node, is Although the currents entering the nodes from generators and loads are not known, these can be written in terms of P, Q, and V: The convention of the current and power flow is important. Currents entering the nodes are considered positive, and thus the power into the node is also positive. A load draws power out of the node and thus the active power and inductive vars are entered as:-p j (-Q) =-p + j Q. The current is then (-P + j Q)/. The nodal equal of current at the k-th node becomes: In general, for the k-th node: (2.2) The k-th bus voltage at r + 1 iteration can be written as (2.3) The voltage at the k-th node has been written in terms of itself and the other voltages. The first equation involving the swing bus is omitted, as the voltage at the swing bus is already specified in magnitude and phase angle. The Gauss-Seidel procedure can be summarized for PQ buses in the following steps: 1: Initial phasor values of load voltages are assumed, the swing bus voltage is known, and the controlled bus voltage at generator buses can be specified. Though an initial estimate of the phasor angles of the voltages will accelerate the final solution, it is not necessary and the iterations can be started with zero degree phase angles or the same phase angle as the swing bus. A flat voltage start assumes 1 + j0 voltages at all buses, except the voltage at the swing bus, which is fixed. 2: Based on the initial voltages, the voltage at a bus in the first iteration is calculated using Eq. (2.2) 3: The estimate of the voltage at bus 2 is refined by repeatedly finding new values of by substituting the value of into the right-hand side of the equation. 4: The voltages at bus 3 are calculated using the latest value of found in step 3 and similarly for other buses in the system. This completes one iteration. The iteration process is repeated for the entire network till the specified convergence is obtained. A generator bus is treated differently; the voltage to be controlled at the bus is specified and the generator voltage regulator varies the reactive power output of the generator within its reactive power capability limits to regulate the bus voltage: where stands for the imaginary part of the equation. The revised value of is found by substituting the most updated value of voltages: For a PV bus the upper and lower limits of var generation to hold the bus voltage constant are also given. The calculated reactive power is checked for the specified limits: If the calculated reactive power falls within the specified limits, the new value of voltage is calculated using the specified voltage magnitude and. This new value of voltage is made equal to the specified voltage to calculate the new phase angle. If the calculated reactive power is outside the specified limits, then, This means that the specified limits are not exceeded and beyond the reactive power bounds, the PV bus is treated like a PQ bus. A flow chart is shown in Fig. 2.3 2.3 Newton-Rapson Method Newton-Raphson method is an iterative method which approximates the set of non-linear simultaneous equations to a set of linear equations using Taylors series expansion and the terms are restricted to first order approximation. 2.3.1 Simultaneous Equations The Taylor series is applied to n nonlinear equations in n unknowns, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. As a first approximation, the unknowns represented by the initial values can be substituted into the above equations, where are the first estimates of n unknowns. On transposing Where is abbreviated as The original nonlinear equations have been reduced to linear equations in The subsequent approximations are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Or in matrix form: The matrix of partial derivatives is called a Jacobian matrix. This result is written as This means that determination of unknowns requires inversion of the Jacobian 2.3.2 Rectangular Form of Newton-Rapson Method of Load Flow The power flow equation at a PQ node is Voltage can be written as: Thus, the power is ] ] Equating the real and imaginary parts, the active and reactive power at a PQ node is: where and are functions of and . Starting from the initial values, new values are found which differ from the initial values by and (First iteration) (First iteration) For a PV node (generator bus) voltage and power are specified. The reactive power equation is replaced by a voltage equation: 2.3.3 Polar Form of Jacobian Matrix The voltage equation can be written in polar form: Thus the power is Equating real and imaginary terms: The Jacobian in polar form for the same four-bus system is The slack bus has no equation, because the active and reactive power at this bus is unspecified and the voltage is specified. At PV bus 4, the reactive power is unspecified and there is no corresponding equation for this bus in terms of the variable. The partial derivatives can be calculated as follows: 2.3.4 Calculation Procedure of Newton-Raphson Method The procedure is summarized in the following steps, and flow charts are shown in Figs 2.4 and 2.5 à ¢- Bus admittance matrix is formed. à ¢- Initial values of voltages and phase angles are assumed for the load (PQ) buses. Phase angles are assumed for PV buses. Normally, the bus voltages are set equal to the slack bus voltage, and phase angles are assumed equal to 0ËÅ ¡, i.e., a flat start. à ¢- Active and reactive powers, P and Q, are calculated for each load bus à ¢- P and Q can, therefore, be calculated on the basis of the given power at the buses à ¢- For PV buses, the exact reactive power are not specified, but its limits are known. If the calculated value of the reactive power is within limits, only P is calculated. If the calculated value of reactive power is beyond the specified limits, then an appropriate limit is imposed and Q is also calculated by subtracting the calculated value of the reactive power from the maximum specified limit. The bus under consideration is now treated as a PQ (load) bus. à ¢- The elements of the Jacobian matrix are calculated à ¢- This gives and à ¢- Using the new values ofand, the new values of voltages and phase angles are calculated. à ¢- The next iteration is started with these new values of voltage magnitudes and phase angles. à ¢- The procedure is continued until the required tolerance is achieved. This is generally 0.1kW and 0.1 kvar. Fig 2.4 Flow chart for NR method of load flow for PQ buses. Fig.2.5Flow chart for NR method of load flow for PV buses 2.3.5 Impact Loads and Motor Starting Load flow presents a frozen picture of the distribution system at a given instant, depending on the load demand. While no idea of the transients in the system for a sudden change in load application or rejection or loss of a generator or tie-line can be obtained, a steady-state picture is presented for the specified loading conditions. Each of these transient events can be simulated as the initial starting condition, and the load flow study rerun as for the steady-state case. Suppose a generator is suddenly tripped. Assuming that the system is stable after this occurrence, we can calculate the redistribution of loads and bus voltages by running the load flow calculations afresh, with generator 4 omitted. Similarly, the effect of an outage of a tie-line, transformer, or other system component can be studied. Table 2-2 Representation of Load Models in Load Flow 3. Conclusion Load flow is a solution of the steady-state operating conditions of a power system. It presents a frozen picture of a scenario with a given set of conditions and constraints. This can be a limitation, as the power systems operations are dynamic. In an industrial distribution system the load demand for a specific process can be predicted fairly accurately and a few load flow calculations will adequately describe the system. For bulk power supply, the load demand from hour to hour is uncertain, and winter and summer load flow situations, though typical, are not adequate. A moving picture scenario could be created from static snapshots, but it is rarely adequate in large systems having thousands of controls and constraints. Thus, the spectrum of load flow (power flow) embraces a large area of calculations, from calculating the voltage profiles and power flows in small systems to problems of on-line energy management and optimization strategies in interconnected large power systems. By the load flow studies which performed using digital computer simulations. I have a main idea of how a power networks power flow calculation operation, planning, running, and development of control strategies. Applied to large systems for optimization, security, and stability, the algorithms become complex and involved. While the study I have done above just a small part of the research and I think the treatment of load flow, and finally optimal power flow, will unfold in my following study.

The Inferno by Dante Alighiere Essay -- essays research papers

The Inferno by Dante Alighiere Translated by John Ciardi „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Summary of plot, organization and resolution o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Inferno is the first of a three part series by Dante known as the Divine Comedy. In this Divine Comedy Dante chronicles his journey to God through the levels of Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. The Inferno is his description of his journey through the levels of Hell. The Inferno begins with Dante lost in a dark wood, which possibly represented sin. Dante tried to exit the wood, but three impassible beasts blocked his path. Dante is rescued when the spirit of Virgil is sent to lead him to salvation, however, Dante must journey through hell to reach salvation. Dante and Virgil then journey through the levels of hell, with the occasional help of a heavenly messenger sent to aid Dante in his journey. Virgil describes Hell as cone shaped, made up of increasingly smaller levels depending on the severity of the sins which a person committed. The levels of Hell were often sub-divided allowing for even more discrimination depending on the severity of your sin. Dante com pletes his journey through hell when he and Virgil reach the deepest pit of hell, where they climb down the body of Lucifer to emerge in the southern hemisphere. „ «Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tie to the middle ages and/or transition to the renaissance o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Inferno in some ways follows the mold of the middle ages, but the o...