Gaia: Argument over a single word Essay -- Essays Papers

Gaia: Argument over a solitary word Theory: Life on earth has been considered by some as a deliberate communication inclining toward biological solidness. In any case, when mainstream researchers drove by James Lovelock attempted to coordinate this idea with science, it was (and keeps on being) a problem. Presentation At whatever point one hears the word Gaia, the individual in question will likewise hear life, goddess, reason, environment, and without a doubt discussion. Very few points have incited more discussion among mainstream researchers than the possibility that the environment, biosphere, and its living creatures carry on as a solitary framework, endeavoring to keep up a strength that is helpful for the presence of lifeâ€the supposed Gaia hypothesis or Gaia speculation. The primary debate lies in the way that the name Gaia originates from an antiquated Greek goddess (Mother Earth). Since Gaia’s beginnings, it appears as though she was the most revered among the Greek divine beings: Liberated from birth or obliteration, of time or space, structure or condition, is the Void. From the everlasting Void, Gaia moved forward and folded herself into a turning ball. She shaped mountains along her spine, valleys in the hollows of her substance. Continuously the Earth Mother showed blessings on her surface and acknowledged the demise into her body. Consequently, she was respected by all humans. From inside the dimness of her insider facts, Gaia got their endowments (Spretnak 47-48). The incredible magnet of the hypothesis is that Gaia is a straightforward four-letter word that suggests woman's rights and environment, two angles that don't fit in discerning science. Had the advocates called the hypothesis A robotic framework with homeostatic propensities as identified by concoction peculiarities in the earth’s atmosphereâ€as Lovelock expected to call it, the thought may not ha... ...cated matters (as Gaia) since the beginning, and humankind has had the option to choose whether or not utilizing them is a decent procedure. There are realities to be found and methods of disclosing them to be sent. People are not the focal point of the universe. Nor is some other species. Lynn Margulis Works Cited Bjornerud Marcia. Gaia-Gender and Scientific Representations of the Earth [Part 1 of 2] {Contemporary Women's Database} Sep. 1997: 96-106. Linden, Eugene. Thoughts: How the Earth Maintains Life an Intriguing Scientific Theory Continues to Win Adherents. {Time} 13 Nov. 1989: 114. Lutzenberg, Jose. Gaia's Fever. {The Ecologist} Mar.- Apr. 1999: 59. Margulis, Lynn. Life on Earth Doesn't Need Us. {Independent} 02 Sep. 1998: 5. Spretnak, Charlene. {Lost Goddesses of Early Greece: A Collection of Pre-Hellenic Myths}. Boston: Beacon Press, 1984.

Poetry Essay Writing Guide to Help You Become a Writing Guru

Verse Essay Writing Guide to Help You Become a Writing Guru What is a Poetry Essay? Composing an exposition is a difficult undertaking for each understudy particularly if the theme is as disputable as verse. Examining any bit of craftsmanship is troublesome, for the most part since it might be deciphered in different manners. In spite of the fact that, expounding on verse is considerably more requesting than some other kind of writing. The investigation of verse itself is planned for tending to the poet’s feelings, encounters, and thoughts with the assistance of various elaborate highlights and language procedures. Various sonnets may require unmistakable types of understanding which might be a test. Moreover, representations and different interesting expressions are an ordinary perspective on verse. Moreover, while investigating a sonnet, an understudy should remember a severe structure of the article to assess the piece correctly. In spite of the considerable number of issues that may emerge all the while, with certain tips, the assignment won't just become justifiable and significantly more reasonable, yet it will transform into unadulterated enjoyment. Verse expositions for the most part assess a specific bit of verse, some hypothetical viewpoints, or even close to home disposition and thoughts of the author towards this sort of writing. Most regularly, the essential errand of the essayist is to give the peruser an exact, all around upheld, and exact investigation of a specific sonnet. In this way, the essential guidance is to remember customary structure of the paper, focus on the fundamental thought of the piece, its classification, confirmation, word decision, all the sayings, and tropes of the picked sonnet, for example, sobriquets, representations, similar sounding word usage, interesting expression, and so on. On the off chance that you face inconveniences when composing a verse exposition, check all the parts of the theme subject. Consequently, you have to comprehend what a verse exposition is and how to compose it precisely. Verse exposition is the bit of composing that assesses a sonnet. Subsequently, the essential objective is to join the prerequisites of the exposition design and inside and out investigation of a picked sonnet effectively and expertly. In this way, an understudy ought to follow a severe arrangement to make the future composing understood. Why Is It Important? Each and every undertaking given by a guide has its specific objective. Nonetheless, all the articles are planned for growing one’s information about the theme. While composing a piece, you need to peruse various materials to discover new data. Thusly, it is important to amend what has been realized in class, and, also, procure the data that may be missed. Next, you ought to speak to the material utilizing your words as per the exacting structure of the article. It instructs how to manage data, structure musings, and follow all the list of sources and organizing style necessities. These aptitudes would help understudies in future investigations when composing progressively genuine works, for example, term or research papers. At last, any verse paper is tied in with consolidating hypothesis and practice: the author needs to apply hypothetical information on sorts, tropes, rhyme, and meter to a specific sonnet, assessing its substance and principle thought with its social setting. Therefore, composing verse papers will observably improve systematic abilities and extend your mindfulness about the issue. How to Choose a Topic Wisely? A splendid and appropriately picked title is one of the most vital pieces of a perfect article. On the off chance that there is a chance to choose a theme, it might be hard to settle on a decision. The fact of the matter is that while one variation might be fascinating to find out about the other may be a lot simpler to examine. In this way, it is smarter to pick a natural theme to make the way toward composing progressively charming and smooth. There are barely any more tips. In the first place, shorter and increasingly contemporary sonnets might be less requesting to break down than long and antiquated ones. Second, you need to do a little research before presenting the picked theme to guarantee you’ve got enough materials to help the primary concerns of the content. At long last, the essayist should check if the theme is fitting. It ought not be too hard to even consider understanding and assess. Be that as it may, it needs to give enough space to direct research. At the en d of the day, too mainstream and thin variations ought to be stayed away from. Which Topics Become a Winning Lottery? As it has just been expressed, picking a snaring article point assumes a huge job in the entire procedure. From one perspective, the fruitless subject may bomb a phenomenal paper while an admirably picked one may quite improve composing. In this manner, understudies need to give some consideration to this perspective. A capable theme isn't excessively short or slender and, simultaneously, it isn't excessively long or too hard to even consider understanding. It ought to be sensible, incorporate the primary thought of the article, and make space for inquire about. In addition, it ought not be trying to examine and discover the list of sources for. One of the basic focuses is to catch readers’ eye. In this way, it ought to be connecting with and in any event, captivating. The exposition may assess a specific sonnet, for instance, â€Å"Allusion and Reality in Sylvia Plaths â€Å"Lady Lazarus.† The point can likewise allude to a specific creator, â€Å"Significance of Nat ure in Edgar Allan Poe’s Poems.† Moreover, hypothetical highlights or even individual thoughts on the verse might be broke down, â€Å"Word Choice in Futuristic Works of F. T. Marinetti,† â€Å"How Poetry Influences Modern Society†, etc. Every one of these thoughts are incredible instances of subjects since they are intriguing, not very wide or excessively limited, and are clear about what the author would discuss. Which Topics Turn Your Piece into a Fiasco? Our Writers Know the Answer A fruitless subject may demolish your school progress. Consequently, it is basic to recall a few critical missteps which understudy regularly make getting ready subjects for their composition. The point ought not be excessively long and hard to comprehend or, on the complexity, excessively thin and crude. A crude theme doesn’t illuminate the peruser on the particular reason for composing. It is important to recollect that an exposition is a short type of composing, so points ought to be sufficiently explicit to be completely talked about in a few pages. Moreover, don't focus on inconsequential and unimportant subtleties of the sonnet or pick subjects which require just close to home mentality or thoughts. ‘Why I Like Poetry’ is the most noticeably terrible subject on earth! It isn't intriguing and doesn't require any logical research. Maintain a strategic distance from themes which can be examined in one sentence: ‘Is Howl by Allen Ginsberg a Poem?’ o bviously, it is. ‘Edgar Allan Poe as a Poet’ or ‘Shakespeare’s Sonnets’ are restrictions since these subjects are excessively short and don't give a particular data on what precisely will be talked about. Pre-Writing Tips to Get Ready for Some Serious Work Subsequent to picking a subject, prepare to compose. Peruse the investigated sonnet a few times to ensure all the subtleties are taken note. Taking notes is additionally firmly suggested. Verse is trying to talk about, and a few perspectives might be dubious or have a few implications. Consequently, taking notes will assist with recalling everything. When there are no new thoughts, it is conceivable to scan for the current investigations. It is valuable to peruse different sonnets of the picked creator or even become familiar with some chronicled realities to comprehend the foundation of the piece. Here and there one writer has comparative thoughts that can be found in a couple of composed works. These little life hacks will assist you with understanding the given sonnet and distinguish different thoughts for composing that originate from one. Make an Outline to Develop a Solid Essay Framework When composing a verse exposition remember its strong arrangement just as when you ought to remember either close to home thought for the theme. These mainstays of effective composing might be joined effectively with the assistance of a solid framework. The last ought not be belittled on the grounds that it is impressively valuable to have an arrangement for the work not to miss anything. This would likewise assist with concentrating on the focal pieces of the composition and not be diverted by the subtleties. Consequently, successful blueprints streamline the creative cycle and underline the fundamental structure of the exposition. Rules for the Essay Structure Appropriate structure is one of the basic parts of any effective scholarly work. Neglecting to give a decision or a proposal would bring about a poor score of the exposition. On the differentiation, the accompanying structure would make the composing understood, immaculate, and simple to see. Consequently, every basic piece of the piece has its individual objective, so know about the essential parts of each. An article is probably the most brief type of scholarly composition, so its structure is basic. Any exposition must include: The presentation; The body sections; The end; The book reference. A presentation is the primary passage of the paper which gives the peruser the foundation of the talked about theme and presents the reason for the composition. It essentially incorporates a proposition articulation which shows the basic thought of the paper. In the event that you’re not secure with the adequacy of your postulation, some extra data might be gotten to here. The body is the primary piece of an article. All the thoughts and research angles are talked about in this segment. It might be separated into a few sections if the scope of considerations is introduced. Each should begin with the theme sentence that presents the possibility of the entire segment. The essayist ought not neglect to delineate his/her announcements with immediate and roundabout citations. The end is the last piece of the exposition. It sums up the introduced material and rewords the theory proclamation. It is imperative to recollect that neither end nor a presentation incorporates citations, which implies these two sections ought to be composed from an individual perspective. A catalog is certifiably not a commonplace piece of an article. Be that as it may, it is typically required to utilize a few sources to help the introduced contemplations. In this manner, all the sources ought to be appropriately

Infinitives Examples

Infinitives Examples Infinitives Remember that a verbal is a form of a verb that functions as something else in a sentence. An infinitive is a verbal that can function as noun, adjective, or adverb. It is formed by using "to" + the verb. Examples of Infinitives: The infinitive can appear by itself, or it can be part of a larger infinitive phrase. Examples of infinitives: To run To walk To cook To understand To make Examples of infinitives or infinitive phrases used as nouns: 1) I like to run. (functions as a direct object) 2) I wanted to cook dinner for my parents. (functions as a direct object) 3) To fly an airplane is a dream of mine. (functions as a subject) 4) I cannot believe you knew to put out grits to attract ants! (functions as a direct object) Examples of infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adjectives: 1) The fair is the place to go. (tells us which place) 2) I have some jeans to wash. (tells us which jeans) 3) The singer to watch is Joyce. (tells us which singer) 4) The kind of flowers to plant are perennials. (tells us which flowers) Examples of infinitives or infinitive phrases used as adverbs: 1) To complete the math problem, you divide by x. (tells why to divide) 2) I bought paint to finish the picture for my mom. (tells why I bought paint) 3) To make the cookies, you must add the flour first. (tells why we add flour)

Vice President For Academic And Student Affairs At...

The position of Vice President for Academic and Student Affairs at Nashville State Community College is an outstanding opportunity. This position would allow me to share my years of higher education experience successfully leading and working collaboratively with the community, administration, faculty and staff to accomplish the institution’s mission. The Nashville State Community College community is in the process of identifying a Vice President for Academic and Student Affairs that can build on its accomplishments and to move the institution forward. I believe that my academic and professional background would make me a promising candidate for this position. I would like to share a few of my experiences successfully leading organizational strategic planning processes. My leadership of those strategic planning processes supported the movement of the organization in the direction that was appropriate for a changing economic environment. My ability to think strategically and develop collaborative relationships contributed greatly to my ability to successfully implement new organizational initiatives as well. My experiences are comprehensive as it relates to my higher education administrative leadership abilities. My post-secondary experiences began as a community college student. My experience as a community college student led me to begin teaching for higher education institutions with two and four year degree programs. 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What Is The Importance Of Stage Directions In The Glass...

Stage directions is the definition of the definition of the words, in most cases, in form of text in a play; which has the primary role of indicating the movements, the mood engulfing a play, the tone in a play, the lighting as well as the sound effects that are used in a certain play. There are veracious roles that stage directions serve in a certain play. This includes the likes of setting of the mood in a play, giving the play some effects to enhance a better understanding of the content that is meant to be comprehended by the audience; as well as helping the audience relate to the contents of the play in the best way possible so that they are able to discover all the aspects that lead to the buildup of the several plots in the play.†¦show more content†¦Moreover, in the stage directions; also, in the beginning, there is the role of the sentimental music that is being played in the background; which is meant to serve the purpose of relaxing the narrator, as well as induci ng thought. This is due to the fact that in the play, thought forms the primary ingredient of the play; whereby, all that is being done is dependent on thought, memory, which calls for relaxation and calm to enable proper thinking in order to enhance a better understanding of the various contents of the play. Bigsby, C. W. E. (2007). Thus, throughout the entire play, there is the sentimental music in the background; which is coupled with a special smoky glow; which enhances the continuity of the memory chain that is created in the play to the end. Moreover, in conjunction with the smock color, there is a variety of other colors that have been used, in the stage directions; such as gloomy gray and deep blue dusk that has the significance of showing hazy imaginations of the past. All of this is meant to be a buildup for the audience so that they are able to understand the play in the best way possible; which is the primary role of the stage directions. In this way, the central idea in the play was to show reliance on memory; which is greatly helped by the use of the stage direction involving color and the sentimental music. 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Communication and Hospitality Industry free essay sample

Treat others as they would like to be treated is the: PLATINUM RULE 13. What are you doing when you are searching for â€Å"service excellence clues† with your guest? Showing the Spirit, Reading the Guest, Paying attention 14. To remember the six principles of the Spirit of Hospitality, start by remembering the correct acronym below: Seek, Place, Ignore, Reach, Invest, Team 15. Does happiness at work really matter in the long run? TRUE 16. The following are characteristics of happy people: Are self controlled, Have respectful jobs, Are grateful 17. What is the one word that we use or should use a dozen of times a day or more? THANK YOU 18. Based on the â€Å"a ha† Moment in this session please complete the sentences. 211 degrees water is _______ and at 212 degrees water ________. And, its that one extra degree that makes all the ________________. Hot, boils, difference 19. â€Å"a ha! † stands for â€Å"amazing hospitality attitude†Ã‚   TRUE 20. Exemplary means Setting example, worth of imitation and/or a model of behavior 21. How might a hospitality professional show courtesy to his or her guests? Greet guests warmly with a smile. Maintain eye contact when talking with speaking with a guest. 22. How can you best acquire xceptional service skills and knowledge in the hospitality industry? Education, EXPERIENCE, Skill Training 23. A guest calls the front desk to ask what sorts of activities are taking place at the property. How can you reach out in response and show service with SPIRIT? Give them a brief description of the activities for that week or day and send a schedule of events to their room as soon as possible. CHOOSE YOUR ATTITUDE 1. A positive person believes there is no choice about how they do their work. FALSE 2. As a supervisor you are required to conduct daily shift meetings. Today, you have to let your team know of some bad comment cards from last night’s dinner crowd. You are pretty upset with the comments and have been in a bad mood all day. It is important that you tell your team what guests are saying but it is even more important to keep their spirits high. What can you say to keep your attitude positive and your team motivated? Tonight, we can and we will demonstrate excellent service! Who’s with me? Let’s do this! Let’s show our guests that we care! 3. Positive people believe that their attitude determines their results each day? TRUE 4. There is ______________ a choice about the way you do your work, even if there is not a choice about the ___________ itself. Always, work 5. Your attitude determines your: ALTITUDE 6. Life is ______ what happens to you and _______ how you react to it. 10% and 90% 7. Positive attitudes separate the best from the rest. TRUE 8. The ability to see the bigger picture or end result eliminates obstacles and focuses your energy. TRUE 9. Which statement or statements below would be made by a leader with a positive attitude: â€Å"It was my fault we ran out of wine – I will drive out to the warehouse to get more immediately. I know you can manage the restaurant without me for a few hours just fine. â€Å"I would love to do that. † â€Å"We’ve worked hard to try and find another option but have not been successful so far. Let’s try again in a month’s time, sometimes circumstances change. † â€Å"It may sound impossible, but let’s see what we can do. † 10. What is considered a good way to make a commitment to a positive attitude? Be responsible for your own actions and reactions. 11. Tell yourself you did great when you did something praiseworthy is a good method to ___________. Improve your attitude 12. Leaders don’t need to compete- they automatically earn respect by demonstrating an A+ attitude. TRUE 13. What was the title of this session’s â€Å"a ha! † Moment Secrets of the World Class CHARACTER 1. Successful people get ahead by doing the jobs that no one else wants to do. TRUE 2. Character is our personal motivation to do what is right, both inside and out. TRUE 3. People are born with either good character or bad character. FALSE 4. Your character is shown in ways that you deal with trail and adversity. TRUE 5. History is made at night, character is what you are in the _________ DARK 6. Someone who is motivated to learn something new every day is demonstrating which of the following positive character traits? INITIATIVE 7. Which is not a way to demonstrate responsibility? BE AGRESSIVE 8. What are two ways to build character? Have a standard to follow and a will to follow it. 9. Character is not a choice? FALSE 10. Trustworthy employees are people who: Tell the truth all the time even if there are some negative consequences to themselves and their coworkers, Can be counted on to do what they say they will do. 11. Responsible people: *   Keep on trying to accomplish goals even if they find them difficult at first. Try to do their best at all times. * Think before they act, taking into account the consequences of what they are about to do. * Accept the blame for things that go wrong if they caused them or were somehow involved directly or through association. 12. Mahmoud is a Muslim who grew up in India and works in housekeeping at a hotel. He misunderstood his super visor who told him to take a towel to a female guest in room 24 and instead he took soap. When he returns to housekeeping to get the towel he is upset and his supervisor says something to him. Of the following statements, which would be the most respectful esponse (or responses) that the supervisor could make to Mahmoud? I understand you are upset about your mistake, but this may happen until your English gets better over time, so you just need to go and apologize to the guest, give her the towel, and let’s just make sure we check your understanding in future, OK? Communication 1. Words hold the same meanings even if we are from different cultures and have different experiences and perceptions. FALSE 2. Successful communication can occur if one person is doing all the talking. FALSE 3. Which of the following pertain to visual communication? Physical posture 4. Vocal communication makes up _________% of the communication process. 38% 5. Visual communication makes up _________% of the communication process. 55% 6. Verbal communication makes up ________% of the communication process. 7% 7. The definition of communication is the flow of information that one person or persons wants to give another person or persons FALSE 8. One of the myths of communication is that we communicate only when we want to communicate. One of the myths of communication is that we communicate only when we want to communicate. TRUE 9. Of the following statements, which one or which ones are considered to be roadblocks to communication:   We make comparisons between people rather than treating them as individuals. We tend to like only those people who are similar to ourselves. We believe that certain cultural groups or people from specific countries behave the same way. We judge people based on the kind of day we are having as they must be having the same kind of day if they are in the same environment as we are. 10. We believe what a person says, not how he or she says it. FALSE 11. Which element of communication delivers the MOST information to the listener? VISUAL 12. Steve is a front desk operator and is standing with his arms crossed, leaning against the counter when a guest approaches. He has not said a word, so he has not yet communicated with the guest. FALSE 13. What are the two most powerful forms of nonverbal communication? A. Facial expressions and gestures| | B. Posture| 14. Each of us responds to ______________ of non verbal messages daily? THOUSANDS 15. Public Speaking ranks low on the list of situations that people fear most. FALSE 16. Technology has made communication easier but does not make us communicate better. TRUE COOPERATION . Simply stated, it is ________me and _______we. Less, more 2. When you think of cooperation we should think of the words: Assist,   Collaborate, Contribute, Give and take 3. Cooperation is not considered by industry an essential work ethic. FALSE 4. What are the two forms of conflict? Substantive, Personalized 5. In the session, cooperation is related to driving a highway. TRUE 6. Which of th e following is not a way to be a cooperative person: Keep ideas for yourself so you can gain the credit and earn the accolades 7. The IDEA Method stands for: Identify, Design, Examine, Assess 8. Part of being an excellent leader is the ability to cooperate with coworkers and to create cooperative solutions to possible problems. TRUE 9. The hospitality industry is often unpredictable, so having a leader spend time developing crisis management skills is a waste of time as there are too many different things that can go wrong. FALSE 10. A leader should treat all employees the same way because if they explore individual wants and needs then they have to treat each employee slightly differently and a good leader knows that everyone should be treated exactly the same regardless of their differences FALSE 11. Forming relationships with your supervisors and co-workers will improve your ability to work with them. How can you learn to relate to others in the workplace? Show respect, support and accept individual differences. TIME MANAGEMENT 1. Quality work attendance is a habit rather than a gift and one must work hard to acquire and maintain it. TRUE 2. Employee absenteeism and tardiness does not cause guest service to drop, only productivity. FALSE 3. In order to ensure success, you should set achievable goals rather than goals that you feel are unachievable or will set you up for failure. TRUE 4. Having consistent good attendance can help you do what? * Do better * Gain promotions * Achieve greater results * Become a leader 5. In terms of attendance, to simply be in the upper half of your team, 50%. You must simply: SHOW UP 6. In terms of attendance, to simply be in the upper half of your team, 30% you must simply: SHOW UP ON TIME 7. In terms of attendance, to simply be in the upper half of your team, 20% you must simply: SHOW UP ON TIME AND READY TO GO 8. We should only manage time and not ourselves. FALSE 9. What is the ironic reason why most people do not plan their day? THEY ARE TOO BUSY 10. ___________ lists can help you keep track of the daily little task details you might otherwise miss or overlook. GET TO DO 11. Good attendance is one indicator of employee reliability. TRUE 12. How can you improve your time management skills? * Memorize and understand your weekly schedule. * Make attendance and time management a priority. * Use techniques to help you rise and be ready to go each morning. 13. Read the following scenario. Graham comes to work 3 hours late. He called in ahead of time and left a message for his supervisor he would be late because he had to take his son to the doctor. When he sees his supervisor and the rest of the team he says to the supervisor: â€Å"I am so sorry for being late, thanks for understanding and covering for me. † As he walks to his desk he says hello to his coworkers then sits down and starts working. Which rules did Graham break? A. Call in advance when you know you are going to be late. | | B. Provide a reason for being late. | | C. Apologize to your boss and coworkers for being late. | | D. Thank your team members for covering for you. | | E. Offer to make up the lost time. | | | APPEARNCE AND ETIQUETTE 1. First impressions are only formed in a face to face encounter with a guest or client. FALSE 2. How is it that you can wear nice clothes, be cleaned and groomed, and yet still convey a negative first impression to your customers or clients? Because your body language conveys as much as or more than your appearance Because your customers aren’t looking at just your appearance but also listening to what you say. 3. Several years ago, Fortune 500 companies from the hospitality sector spent millions of dollars on a survey asking their customers, â€Å"What is the number one item you seek when you come to our business†. What was the result of their survey? What was the #1 item that customers looked for across many different hospitality businesses? CLEANLINESS 4. How many seconds does it take for someone to form an impression of you? 4 5. Have you heard of the term Mise en place? It is a French phrase defined by the Culinary Institute of America as: EVERYTHING IN PLACE 6. I am responsible for my own appearance and the image I project to customers, but I am not responsible for the image that my office or store projects to customers. FALSE 7. The first step to making a good first impression is your appearance. TRUE 8. Appearance is not a form of communication. FALSE

Women In Educational Administration The Glass Ceiling Is Still There Essay Example For Students

Women In Educational Administration: The Glass Ceiling Is Still There Essay WOMEN IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONTHE GLASS CEILING IS STILL THERESeveral people at the conference dealt with the problems women encounter in getting into administrative positions in schools and colleges and when they do, the obstacles they encounter in making their jobs successful. Their discussions brought home to me the reality of my own mother’s experience. As children we witnessed our mother struggling, summer after summer and during many school years in the evenings, with those courses required for an administrative license. The state gave her that license some twelve years ago, but she is still teaching mathematics in high school. We used to tease her when we were growing up calling her â€Å"principal mom† and â€Å"assistant principal mom† and the like and pretending that she called us into her office for punishment. We do not do that any more because we know it won’t be fun and games any more but it will be a cruel joke if we did that. What made her disillusioned about the career of an administrator in her school system in which she served nearly a quarter of a century?It has to do with what is known as a glass ceiling. Administrative positions are open to all qualified persons. They are up there within everyone’s view. All you have to do is qualify yourself with the appropriate education and skills. The law of the land makes every person eligible for them. All employers proclaim in their policy statements that they are â€Å"equal opportunity employers.† But when women reach for them, the invisible ceiling stops them. A cruel tease indeed!My mother said she would not talk to me about her own reluctance to pursue an administrative career, despite all the efforts she put in to qualify for it. She said I should talk with teachers or other personnel in the school systems who had no personal involvement in order to get objective observations. So I interviewed more than 25 people from Superintendents and Principal s through Vice Principals, Department Heads, Counselors, Teachers and Teachers’ Assistants to Security, Cafeteria and Maintenance Personnel, in two different school systems. My findings were quite revealing of the invisible glass ceiling. We will write a custom essay on Women In Educational Administration: The Glass Ceiling Is Still There specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Let me start with the lowest level positions in the school systems—maintenance workers, security personnel and cafeteria workers. Strictly speaking, they cannot be called part of the education system. Their jobs do not have anything to do with the educational system, they could be in any other place than the school, but the way the heads of their departments are chosen will show how endemic gender discrimination is to the entire school systems, from bottom to top. In fact, it is ingrained in the culture of the school systems as it is in the culture of many other organizations in the public life. My innocent ears were offended hearing the tale of a woman security officer describe what was going on in the South Bend School Corporation at her level of employment. She has much more seniority than most of the chiefs of security in the school system, but the chief’s position along with all the benefits go to the men who, in her judgement, were less qualified, experienced and conscientious. She pointed out to her own chief, a pot-bellied man who sat by a closet and snacked all day, according to reports, which could not be far from the truth judging from his appearance. â€Å"Only men can handle the tough situations; he does all that sitting in that chair while I do the simple things like breaking up fights, confiscating guns and knives and searching out drug pushers,† she stated. Among maintenance workers there were only very few women. The chief janitor in one school, a fair man who has a couple of women in his staff, a rarity, said that women are intimidated by furnaces and electrical systems, so they don’t sign up for janitorial jobs. But he also added that â€Å"not that they are welcome either; I don’t mind them, but the guys in other schools will hire a women only if they can not even find a dead body.† I asked, â€Å"can a woman ever become the chief janitor?† The answer was a plain and clear â€Å"never.†The cafeteria was a completely different story. Practically all the workers in the cafeterias of all schools are women. I asked the head of the food service department in one high school, who I thought was a fair-minded lady, why it was that all cafeteria workers are women. She said men do not generally apply; cooking and serving food is a women’s job, they think. She also added, â€Å" We don’t want t hem anyway, you can hardly find one who is not sloppy and dirty.† But I observed, and she agreed, that there is no injustice involved. There is no built-in obstacle for men to be hired or promoted in food service. Leaving the support staff level and getting to the heart of the educational enterprise, we come to the teaching staff. Instantly, one notices that the elementary schools are mostly staffed by women teachers. However, the administrators by and large are men. The South Bend School Corporation, for example, has approximately 25 elementary schools. Of these, twenty of them have men principals while nearly 70% of teachers are women. I asked one of the male principals why there is such a disparity between male/female ratios of teachers and administrators in elementary schools. He said that it is the â€Å"mother thing,† women are more suited to teach little children and they are attracted towards the elementary age kids, that is as far as teaching is concerned. The administration, however, is another matter. There you need men. They, according to him, are better organizers, disciplinarians, and of course father figures. A woman principal had a different view. For her it is the †Å"old boys’ club at work. They simply do not want to give women top jobs even in elementary schools,† she said. When you go up to the Middle School level, the disparity worsens. Of the eight middle schools I visited, six had male principals while the teaching staff was fairly evenly divided. From what I could surmise from the conversations with teachers and administrators, there is no good reason for the disparate male/female ratio in the building administration, except the continuing resistance against women. .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .postImageUrl , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:hover , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:visited , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:active { border:0!important; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:active , .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083 .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub681905b1376466c19880d63548e3083:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What the difference is between strict and broad co EssayA veteran teacher told me that in all his memory he could not think of one female principal in any of the five South Bend public high schools. In the 1998-1999 school year, however, there are three female principals, a majority! But, they are relatively new appointments, two of them only a year ago and the third just this year, but she is only an acting principal. A female superintendent who is also relatively new made these appointments, though they were not very popular. As a result, one of the regular appointees has tended her resignation, the second is on the verge of doing so, and the acting principal’s fa te is hanging in the balance. One of the school staff related to me the reception the acting principal received when she came to take charge of the school and for a few weeks thereafter. To start with, she was appointed at the last minute, as a last resort when none of the candidates the school system offered the job to accepted it. When she came to the building for the first time, very few faculty persons greeted her. One of the two vice principals, a male who had applied for the principal’s job unsuccessfully, greeted her sitting on his chair and with his feet on his desk. He arrogated the principal’s authority to himself, calling faculty meetings, making policy decisions, addressing the school community through the public address system and complaining to the corporate administration about the acting principal. The department heads, counselors, and teachers also started to set their own rules. Being placed in such a tough situation, a weak person would have been totally broken, but the acting pri ncipal stood her ground, asserted her authority and established discipline within a few weeks. It was a superhuman task. In high schools, between the teachers and building administrators, stand the department heads. My curiosity peaked when I noticed that almost all department heads, other than home economics and special education, were men, in all five South Bend high schools. What I learned was that these were all appointees of men principals, hanging on to their jobs, wielding whatever little authority they could claim over their fellow teachers. The culture of male domination governed this low level of administration as well. Coming to the top level of administration, the South Bend School Corporation never had a woman superintendent in its entire history until five years ago when the present superintendent was appointed. She got the job by default when three outside finalists, all men, declined the offer. She had not been ranked among the finalists despite the fact that she had been a very successful principal in the corporation, with a national reputation as an educator. Being a woman and an African-American were two strikes against her. Her appointment divided the teachers and the community at large along racial lines. A prolonged and bitter teachers strike further divided the community. In spite of her accomplishments in bringing about fiscal discipline and solvency to the corporation, she barley got re-appointed for two short years after the first three-year term. Efforts are mounting to release her even before the two years are up. Resistance against the superintendent by the combined forces of anti feminist and anti-minority groups in the school system itself and the larger community have paralyzed her administration. Lack of discipline and moral within the schools result in the failure of the process of education itself. It is no surprise, therefore, that the South Bend students are among the lowest achievers on the ISTEP. The sad story of South Bend schools is a classic example of how damaging to the public good discrimination against women and minorities can be. It is also important for us to look beyond the local scene to the national picture to see what role is given to women and minorities in the administration of educational institutions. Several recent studies were able to unveil some hidden truths about women and minorities in the educational administration. The 1990 study by Patricia T. Whitfield entitled Status of Access of Women and Minorities to Administrative Positions in Idaho is a case in point. This study focused on the status of women and minorities in administrative positions in Idaho public schools. Statistically Whitfield documented that among administrators of Idaho public schools only approximately 20% were women and only about 7% minorities. She cites the â€Å"old boy network,† family responsibilities, lack of mentors or role models, a late entry into career tracks, and difficulty in gaining credibility as the reasons for this poor representation of women and minorities. As for the possible remedy for this situat ion, Whitfield received different responses from the administrators and members of the women and minority groups. While the administrators indicated that change/progress would come through their efforts, the women’s and minority groups felt that progress will come only through equal opportunity policies and legislation. I am sure that similar responses will be forthcoming from other comparable groups in all parts of the country. (Patricia T. Whitfield, Status of Women Minorities toAdministrative Positions in Idaho. ERIC TITLE NUMBER: ED 323907). It is also important to compare the status of women in administrative positions in higher education with what we have seen in the nation’s school systems. Let me start with a local women’s college, Saint Mary’s College of Notre Dame, Indiana. This is a college founded some 155 years ago exclusively for women by women religious of the Holy Cross Congregation. All major administrative positions were held by the Sisters of the Holy Cross up until 1967. This college was also the sister institution of the larger University of Notre Dame, across the road, founded about the same time exclusively for men by the Priests of the Holy Cross. In 1967, when the then president of Saint Mary’s died and another well-qualified nun was not available to fill the role, the sisters appointed Saint Mary’s first male president, a priest. In 1970, Notre Dame proposed a merger with Saint Mary’s. Fearing the total absorption of Saint Mary’s into larger Notre Dam e, the sisters withdrew from the merger. However, they inadvertently entered into another dangerous situation, the male domination of the school. This happened when they appointed the first layman president of the college, hoping that would bring Saint Mary’s in tune with the modern age. For the next 29 years, the administration of the college passed into almost exclusively male hands. Only in 1999 did they appoint a woman president and a female administrative team, after three decades of male domination. .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .postImageUrl , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:hover , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:visited , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:active { border:0!important; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:active , .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf6a157b5b801c4c47d73c2070ca6db5b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Cherry Orchard Lopakhin EssayWhile Saint Mary’s College’s link with the Holy Cross Sisters made it easy for its board to revert to its traditional administration by women, what is happening nationwide in higher education is quite different. A 1982 study by Kathryn M. Moore documents the low status of women in administrative positions in higher education. Moore studied the career issues, educational concerns and the professional, educational and personal backgrounds of 2, 896 senior college administrators from all parts of the United States. The focus of her study was the status of women and minorities in educational administration. She discovered that wom en and minorities represented a shocking 20 and 8 percent of the sample, respectively. Even more disturbing was her discovery that women and minorities held only low level positions such as registrar, librarian, and financial aid director. In contrast, men held positions like President and Chief Financial Officer. Of the 653 deans in the survey only 90 (13.8%) were women. Half of these women deans were in the fields of nursing, home economics, arts and sciences, and continuing education. As for minorities, only 5.5% of them were among the deans. These statistics tell the cruel hoax American society still plays on its female citizens despite decades of equal opportunity enforcement. (Women and Minorities. Leaders in Transition: A National Study of Higher Education Administrators by Kathryn M. Moore. University Park, PA., Center for the Study of Higher Education, Pennsylvania State University, 1982. P.64.). Leaving the broad, nationwide survey, let us now take a closer look at one institution of higher learning, University of New Hampshire, an institution with a relatively high reputation. A 1993 study ordered by the university president on the status of women showed that out of 16 principal administrators (president, vice president, and deans) of the university, only one was a woman and she was only a temporary appointment. At the next level, the Academic Administration level, 27.3% were women. At the executive management level, women held only 21.8% of the positions. But at the management or supervisory level (support staff level) 60.8% of the employees were women. The story becomes even grimmer when we look at the compensation level of employers at the University of New Hampshire. Of those employees making $35,000-55,000, 54% were women. Of those making $55,000-66,000 only 31% were women. Of those making above $65, 000 only a meager 19% were women. When different groupings were emplo yed, the glaring and shameless fact came out, that is out of all the employees making less than $30,000, a towering 83.3% were women!The study also indicated that the situation at the University of New Hampshire was fairly typical of all universities in the country; only much worse in many other schools. (University of New Hampshire President’s Commission on the Status of Women, July 1993). The issues relating to the status of women were placed in a broader, national perspective by the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission in 1996. Rene Redwood, then Special Assistant to the Secretary of Labor, Robert Reich, summarized the findings of this commission in a speech she gave at the â€Å"Working Women’s Summit† held by Women in Technology International (WITI) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in September 1996. The most telling data she included in her speech was that in the top 1000 industrial and 500 service companies in the United States, 95% of senior level managers were men of which 95% were white. Of the 5% of those managers who were women, only 5% were minority women. This translated into a total of 2,100 senior women executives out of the 42,000 top-level executives. She also pointed out the disparity in salary levels between men and women on a national level. While non-Hispanic white males with bachelors degrees received an average salary of $47, 181, the females with bachelor’s degrees in the same ethnic group received only an average of $31, 338. Of those with masters’ degrees, non-Hispanic white males received an average of $57, 371, but females in the same ethnic group with master’ degrees received only an average $38, 391. Reliable statistics about the salary levels of other ethnic groups are not available but it is safe to assume that they are appallingly disparate. While statistics document the injustice of the system, they do not suggest solutions for the problem. Solutions can be found only if men and women of good will come together and seek them out. There are many organizations that address these issues on the local and national level. There are also laws on the book that could be brought to bear when institutions are insensitive to the issues of equality. However, in order to bring about fundamental changes, we have to work at the roots of our culture. This is where educators have an advantage. It is their hands that mold the next generation. They can change the whole outlook of society if they put their minds to it. Let us hope, therefore, in a generation or two, we can make the statistics look very different. NOTES ABOUT MY SOURCES1. For information about women in administration in local schools, I interviewed 25 individuals at various levels of employment, from maintenance staff and cafeteria workers to teachers, principals and Superintendents of South Bend, Mishawaka, and Penn-Harris-Madison School Systems. 2. For information on local colleges and universities, I interviewed 12 professors and administrators at Saint Mary’s College and the University of Notre Dame. 3. For information on the status of women in educational administration on the regional and national level, I used the following sources:a. Patricia T. Whitfield, Status of Access of Women and Minorities to Administrative Positions in Idaho. ERIC TITLE No. ED 323907. b. Kathryn M. Moore, Women and Minorities. Leaders in Transition: A National Study of Higher Education Administrators. ERIC TITLE No. ED 225459. c. University of New Hampshire President’s Commission on Status of Women. University of New Hampshire, 1993. d. Rene Redwood, The Glass Ceiling: The Findings and Recommendations of the Federal Glass Ceiling Commission. Washington, D.C. 1996. WOMEN IN EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATIONTHE GLASS CEILING IS STILL THEREANAND PULLAPILLYJULY 30, 1999Social Issues